Whether social media connects us or leaves us feeling isolated depends on how we use it, according to new research from The University of Manchester.
A major review of global evidence has found that online interactions can either reduce or increase loneliness, which challenges simple assumptions about screen time and wellbeing.
The study found that Social media can reduce loneliness when used to build or maintain relationships
However Passive use, such as scrolling without interacting, is linked to higher loneliness
People with strong offline networks benefit more from social media use while User motivations – such as connection versus escape – shape outcomes
Platform design and online experiences influence whether users feel connected or isolated and More long-term research is needed to fully understand impacts on wellbeing
Dr Rebecca Nowland assessed the latest global evidence on the relationship between social media and loneliness.
The findings highlight a complex picture. Social media can strengthen social connections when it is used to interact meaningfully – such as messaging friends, sharing experiences or receiving supportive responses.
However, simply scrolling through content without engaging – often referred to as ‘passive use’ – is consistently linked to higher levels of loneliness.
The study shows that the impact of social media depends heavily on how and why people use it.
People who go online to connect with others may experience reduced loneliness. In contrast, those using social media to escape difficult feelings or social situations may see the opposite effect.
In some cases, trying to replace face-to-face interaction with online activity can actually make loneliness worse.
Not everyone benefits equally.
The research found that people who already have strong social networks are more likely to gain positive experiences online, including support and a sense of belonging.
Those who feel isolated offline, however, may struggle to achieve the same benefits – even if they use social media frequently.
Platform design is also important.
Features that encourage direct interaction – such as private messaging or sharing images – can help create a stronger sense of connection. By contrast, platforms or features focused on broadcasting or passive consumption offer fewer emotional benefits.
Experiences themselves also matter. Supportive comments and meaningful exchanges can reduce loneliness, while being ignored, excluded or exposed to negative interactions can increase it.
Despite growing interest in the topic, the study highlights important gaps in existing research.
Much of the evidence is based on snapshots in time rather than long-term studies, making it difficult to determine cause and effect. The paper calls for more robust research using real usage data and longer-term methods.
With loneliness increasingly recognised as a major public health issue, the findings suggest that improving how people engage online could play an important role in tackling the problem.
Encouraging more active and meaningful use of social media – and designing platforms that support this – may help maximise benefits while reducing harms.
