Asphalt is a near-ubiquitous substance — it’s found in roads, on roofs and in driveways — but its chemical emissions rarely figure into urban air quality management plans. A new study finds that asphalt is a significant source of air pollutants in urban areas, especially on hot and sunny days.

Researchers at the US Yale University observed that common road and roofing asphalts produced complex mixtures of organic compounds, including hazardous pollutants, in a range of typical temperature and solar conditions. The results of their work, from the lab of Drew Gentner, associate professor of chemical & environmental engineering, appear Sept. 2 in the journal Science Advances.

Decades of research about and regulations of emissions from motor vehicles andother combustion-related sources have resulted in improved urban air quality. But recent studies show that as those efforts succeeded, numerous non-combustion-related sources have become important contributors of organic compounds. These can lead to secondary organic aerosol (SOA), a major contributor of PM2.5 — an important regulated air pollutant comprising particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers in diameter — that have significant effects on public health.

The researchers collected fresh asphalt and heated it to different temperatures. “A main finding is that asphalt-related products emit substantial and diverse mixtures of organic compounds into the air, with a strong dependence on temperature and other environmental conditions,” said Peeyush Khare, a graduate student in Gentner’s lab and lead author of the study.

After some time, the emissions at summer temperatures leveled out, but they persisted at a steady rate — suggesting there are long-term, continued emissions from asphalt in real-world conditions. “To explain these observations, we calculated the expected rate of steady emissions and it showed that the rate of continued emissions was determined by the time it takes for compounds to diffuse through the highly viscous asphalt mixture,” Gentner said.

They also examined what happens when asphalt is exposed to moderate solar radiation and saw a significant jump in emissions — up to 300% for road asphalt — demonstrating that solar radiation, and not only temperature, can increase emissions.

That’s important from the perspective of air quality, especially in hot, sunny summertime conditions,” Khare said.

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